Difference between revisions of "Weakly compact"
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of diverse concepts in infinite combinatorics, admitting various characterizations in terms of these concepts. | of diverse concepts in infinite combinatorics, admitting various characterizations in terms of these concepts. | ||
| − | |||
* (weak compactness property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if it is uncountable and every $\kappa$-satisfiable theory in an $L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ language of size at most $\kappa$ is satisfiable. | * (weak compactness property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if it is uncountable and every $\kappa$-satisfiable theory in an $L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ language of size at most $\kappa$ is satisfiable. | ||
| − | * (extension property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every $A\ | + | * (extension property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every $A\subset V_\kappa$, there is a transitive structure $W$ properly extending $V_\kappa$ and $A^*\of W$ such that $\langle V_\kappa,{\in},A\rangle\prec\langle W,{\in},A^*\rangle$. |
* (tree property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if it is inaccessible and has the tree property. | * (tree property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if it is inaccessible and has the tree property. | ||
* (filter property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if whenever $M$ is a set containing at most $\kappa$-many subsets of $\kappa$, then there is a $\kappa$-complete nonprincipal filter $F$ measuring every set in $M$. | * (filter property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if whenever $M$ is a set containing at most $\kappa$-many subsets of $\kappa$, then there is a $\kappa$-complete nonprincipal filter $F$ measuring every set in $M$. | ||
| − | * (weak embedding property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every $A\ | + | * (weak embedding property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every $A\subset\kappa$ there is a transitive set $M$ of size $\kappa$ with $\kappa\in M$ and a transitive set $N$ with an embedding $j:M\to N$ with critical point $\kappa$. |
* (embedding property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every transitive set $M$ of size $\kappa$ with $\kappa\in M$ there is a transitive set $N$ and an embedding $j:M\to N$ with critical point $\kappa$. | * (embedding property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every transitive set $M$ of size $\kappa$ with $\kappa\in M$ there is a transitive set $N$ and an embedding $j:M\to N$ with critical point $\kappa$. | ||
* (normal embedding property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every $\kappa$-model $M$ there is a $\kappa$-model $N$ and an embedding $j:M\to N$ with critical point $\kappa$, such that $N=\{\ j(f)(\kappa)\mid f\in M\ \}$. | * (normal embedding property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every $\kappa$-model $M$ there is a $\kappa$-model $N$ and an embedding $j:M\to N$ with critical point $\kappa$, such that $N=\{\ j(f)(\kappa)\mid f\in M\ \}$. | ||
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$\exists\vec x$ and $\forall\vec x$ over blocks of | $\exists\vec x$ and $\forall\vec x$ over blocks of | ||
variables $\vec x=\langle x_\alpha\st\alpha<\delta\rangle$ of size less | variables $\vec x=\langle x_\alpha\st\alpha<\delta\rangle$ of size less | ||
| − | than $\kappa$. A theory in such a language is | + | than $\kappa$. A theory in such a language is ""satisfiable"" if it has a model under the natural semantics. |
| − | satisfiable | + | |
A theory is ""$\theta$-satisfiable"" if every subtheory | A theory is ""$\theta$-satisfiable"" if every subtheory | ||
consisting of fewer than $\theta$ many sentences of it is | consisting of fewer than $\theta$ many sentences of it is | ||
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asserts that every $\omega$-satisfiable $L_{\omega,\omega}$ | asserts that every $\omega$-satisfiable $L_{\omega,\omega}$ | ||
theory is satisfiable. A uncountable cardinal $\kappa$ is | theory is satisfiable. A uncountable cardinal $\kappa$ is | ||
| − | + | ""[[(strongly) compact]]"" if every $\kappa$-satisfiable | |
$L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ theory is satisfiable. The cardinal | $L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ theory is satisfiable. The cardinal | ||
$\kappa$ is ""weakly compact"" if every | $\kappa$ is ""weakly compact"" if every | ||
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than $\kappa$. More specifically, $T$ is a ""tree"" if | than $\kappa$. More specifically, $T$ is a ""tree"" if | ||
$T$ is a partial order such that the predecessors of any | $T$ is a partial order such that the predecessors of any | ||
| − | node in $T$ are well ordered. The $\alpha^\th$ level of a | + | node in $T$ are well ordered. The $\alpha^{\rm th}$ level of a |
tree $T$, denoted $T_\alpha$, consists of the nodes whose | tree $T$, denoted $T_\alpha$, consists of the nodes whose | ||
predecessors have order type exactly $\alpha$, and these | predecessors have order type exactly $\alpha$, and these | ||
| − | nodes are also said to have | + | nodes are also said to have ""height"" $\alpha$. The height of the tree $T$ is the first $\alpha$ for which $T$ |
has no nodes of height $\alpha$. A ""$\kappa$-branch"" | has no nodes of height $\alpha$. A ""$\kappa$-branch"" | ||
through a tree $T$ is a maximal linearly ordered subset of | through a tree $T$ is a maximal linearly ordered subset of | ||
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A transitive set $M$ is a $\kappa$-model of set theory if | A transitive set $M$ is a $\kappa$-model of set theory if | ||
| − | $|M|=\kappa$, $M^\ | + | $|M|=\kappa$, $M^{\lt\kappa}\subset M$ and $M$ satisfies $ZFC^-$, |
| − | the theory | + | the theory ZFC without the power set axiom (and using collection and separation rather than merely replacement). |
For any | For any | ||
infinite cardinal $\kappa$ we have | infinite cardinal $\kappa$ we have | ||
| − | $H_{\kappa^ | + | $H_{\kappa^+}\satisfies\ZFC^-$, and further, if |
| − | $M\prec H_{\kappa^ | + | $M\prec H_{\kappa^+}$ and $\kappa\subset M$, then $M$ is |
| − | transitive. Thus, any $A\in H_{\kappa^ | + | transitive. Thus, any $A\in H_{\kappa^+}$ can be placed |
| − | into such an $M$. If $\kappa^\ | + | into such an $M$. If $\kappa^{\lt\kappa}=\kappa$, one can use |
the downward Löwenheim-Skolem theorem to find such $M$ | the downward Löwenheim-Skolem theorem to find such $M$ | ||
| − | with $M^\ | + | with $M^{\lt\kappa}\subset M$. So in this case there are abundant |
$\kappa$-models of set theory (and conversely, if there is | $\kappa$-models of set theory (and conversely, if there is | ||
| − | a $\kappa$-model of set theory, then $2^\ | + | a $\kappa$-model of set theory, then $2^{\lt\kappa}=\kappa$). |
The partition property $\kappa\to(\lambda)^n_\gamma$ | The partition property $\kappa\to(\lambda)^n_\gamma$ | ||
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tuples from $H$ get the same color. The partition property | tuples from $H$ get the same color. The partition property | ||
$\kappa\to(\kappa)^2_2$ asserts that every partition of | $\kappa\to(\kappa)^2_2$ asserts that every partition of | ||
| − | $[\kappa]^2$ into two sets admits a set $H\ | + | $[\kappa]^2$ into two sets admits a set $H\subset\kappa$ of |
size $\kappa$ such that $[H]^2$ lies on one side of the | size $\kappa$ such that $[H]^2$ lies on one side of the | ||
partition. When defining $F:[\kappa]^n\to\gamma$, we define | partition. When defining $F:[\kappa]^n\to\gamma$, we define | ||
Revision as of 08:51, 27 December 2011
Weakly compact cardinals lie at the focal point of a number of diverse concepts in infinite combinatorics, admitting various characterizations in terms of these concepts.
- (weak compactness property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if it is uncountable and every $\kappa$-satisfiable theory in an $L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ language of size at most $\kappa$ is satisfiable.
- (extension property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every $A\subset V_\kappa$, there is a transitive structure $W$ properly extending $V_\kappa$ and $A^*\of W$ such that $\langle V_\kappa,{\in},A\rangle\prec\langle W,{\in},A^*\rangle$.
- (tree property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if it is inaccessible and has the tree property.
- (filter property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if whenever $M$ is a set containing at most $\kappa$-many subsets of $\kappa$, then there is a $\kappa$-complete nonprincipal filter $F$ measuring every set in $M$.
- (weak embedding property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every $A\subset\kappa$ there is a transitive set $M$ of size $\kappa$ with $\kappa\in M$ and a transitive set $N$ with an embedding $j:M\to N$ with critical point $\kappa$.
- (embedding property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every transitive set $M$ of size $\kappa$ with $\kappa\in M$ there is a transitive set $N$ and an embedding $j:M\to N$ with critical point $\kappa$.
- (normal embedding property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every $\kappa$-model $M$ there is a $\kappa$-model $N$ and an embedding $j:M\to N$ with critical point $\kappa$, such that $N=\{\ j(f)(\kappa)\mid f\in M\ \}$.
- (Hauser embedding property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if for every $\kappa$-model $M$ there is a $\kappa$-model $N$ and an embedding $j:M\to N$ with critical point $\kappa$ such that $j,M\in N$.
- (partition property) A cardinal $\kappa$ is weakly compact if and only if it enjoys the partition property $\kappa\to(\kappa)^2_2$.
Weakly compact cardinals first arose in connection with (and were named for) the question of whether certain infinitary logics satisfy the compactness theorem of first order logic. Specifically, in a language with a signature consisting, as in the first order context, of a set of constant, finitary function and relation symbols, we build up the language of $L_{\kappa,\lambda}$ formulas by closing the collection of formulas under infinitary conjunctions $\wedge_{\alpha<\delta}\varphi_\alpha$ and disjunctions $\vee_{\alpha<\delta}\varphi_\alpha$ of any size $\delta<\kappa$, as well as infinitary quantification $\exists\vec x$ and $\forall\vec x$ over blocks of variables $\vec x=\langle x_\alpha\st\alpha<\delta\rangle$ of size less than $\kappa$. A theory in such a language is ""satisfiable"" if it has a model under the natural semantics. A theory is ""$\theta$-satisfiable"" if every subtheory consisting of fewer than $\theta$ many sentences of it is satisfiable. First order logic is precisely $L_{\omega,\omega}$, and the classical Compactness theorem asserts that every $\omega$-satisfiable $L_{\omega,\omega}$ theory is satisfiable. A uncountable cardinal $\kappa$ is ""(strongly) compact"" if every $\kappa$-satisfiable $L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ theory is satisfiable. The cardinal $\kappa$ is ""weakly compact"" if every $\kappa$-satisfiable $L_{\kappa,\kappa}$ theory, in a language having at most $\kappa$ many constant, function and relation symbols, is satisfiable.
Next, for any cardinal $\kappa$, a ""$\kappa$-tree"" is a tree of height $\kappa$, all of whose levels have size less than $\kappa$. More specifically, $T$ is a ""tree"" if $T$ is a partial order such that the predecessors of any node in $T$ are well ordered. The $\alpha^{\rm th}$ level of a tree $T$, denoted $T_\alpha$, consists of the nodes whose predecessors have order type exactly $\alpha$, and these nodes are also said to have ""height"" $\alpha$. The height of the tree $T$ is the first $\alpha$ for which $T$ has no nodes of height $\alpha$. A ""$\kappa$-branch"" through a tree $T$ is a maximal linearly ordered subset of $T$ of order type $\kappa$. Such a branch selects exactly one node from each level, in a linearly ordered manner. The set of $\kappa$-branches is denoted $[T]$. A $\kappa$-tree is an ""Aronszajn"" tree if it has no $\kappa$-branches. A cardinal $\kappa$ has the ""tree property"" if every $\kappa$-tree has a $\kappa$-branch.
A transitive set $M$ is a $\kappa$-model of set theory if $|M|=\kappa$, $M^{\lt\kappa}\subset M$ and $M$ satisfies $ZFC^-$, the theory ZFC without the power set axiom (and using collection and separation rather than merely replacement). For any infinite cardinal $\kappa$ we have $H_{\kappa^+}\satisfies\ZFC^-$, and further, if $M\prec H_{\kappa^+}$ and $\kappa\subset M$, then $M$ is transitive. Thus, any $A\in H_{\kappa^+}$ can be placed into such an $M$. If $\kappa^{\lt\kappa}=\kappa$, one can use the downward Löwenheim-Skolem theorem to find such $M$ with $M^{\lt\kappa}\subset M$. So in this case there are abundant $\kappa$-models of set theory (and conversely, if there is a $\kappa$-model of set theory, then $2^{\lt\kappa}=\kappa$).
The partition property $\kappa\to(\lambda)^n_\gamma$ asserts that for every function $F:[\lambda]^n\to\gamma$ there is $H\of\lambda$ with $|H|=\kappa$ such that $F\restrict [H]^n$ is constant. If one thinks of $F$ as coloring the $n$-tuples, the partition property asserts the existence of a ""monochromatic"" set $H$, since all tuples from $H$ get the same color. The partition property $\kappa\to(\kappa)^2_2$ asserts that every partition of $[\kappa]^2$ into two sets admits a set $H\subset\kappa$ of size $\kappa$ such that $[H]^2$ lies on one side of the partition. When defining $F:[\kappa]^n\to\gamma$, we define $F(\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_n)$ only when $\alpha_1<\cdots<\alpha_n$.
Weakly compact cardinals and the constructible universe
Every weakly compact cardinal is weakly compact in $L$.
Nevertheless, the weak compactness property is not generally downward absolute between transitive models of set theory.
Weakly compact cardinals and forcing
- Weakly compact cardinals are invariant under small forcing.
- Weakly compact cardinals are preserved by the canonical forcing of the GCH, by fast function forcing and many other forcing notions.
- If $\kappa$ is weakly compact, there is a forcing extension in which $\kappa$ remains weakly compact and $2^\kappa\gt\kappa$.
- If the existence of weakly compact cardinals is consistent with ZFC, then there is a model of ZFC in which $\kappa$ is not weakly, but becomes weakly compact in a forcing extension. (Kunen citation needed)
Relations with other large cardinals
- Every weakly compact cardinal is inaccessible, Mahlo, hyper-Mahlo, hyper-hyper-Mahlo and more.
- Measurable cardinals, Ramsey cardinals, unfoldable cardinals, totally indescribable cardinals are all weakly compact and a stationary limit of weakly compact cardinals.
