Difference between revisions of "Zero sharp"
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[[Category:Large cardinal axioms]] | [[Category:Large cardinal axioms]] | ||
[[Category:Constructibility]] | [[Category:Constructibility]] | ||
| − | $0^{\#}$ is a [[projective|$\Sigma_3^1$]] real number which cannot be proven to exist in [[ZFC|$\text{ZFC}$]]. It's existence contradicts the [[Axiom of constructibility]], $ | + | $0^{\#}$ is a [[projective|$\Sigma_3^1$]] real number which cannot be proven to exist in [[ZFC|$\text{ZFC}$]]. It's existence contradicts the [[Axiom of constructibility]], $V=L$. In fact, it's existence is somewhat equivalent to $L$ being completely different from $V$. |
== Definition == | == Definition == | ||
| − | $0^{\#}$ is defined as the set of all Gödel numberings of first-order formula $\varphi$ such that $ | + | $0^{\#}$ is defined as the set of all Gödel numberings of first-order formula $\varphi$ such that $L\models\varphi(\aleph_0,\aleph_1...\aleph_n)$ for some $n$. Because of the [[stable|stability]] of $\aleph_\omega$, $0^{\#}$ is equivalent to the set of all Gödel numberings of first-order formula $\varphi$ such that $L_{\aleph_{\omega}}\models\varphi(\aleph_0,\aleph_1...\aleph_n)$. This definition implies the existence of Silver Indiscernables. Moreover, it implies: |
| − | *Given any set $X\in | + | *Given any set $X\in L$ which is first-order definable in $L$, $X\in L_{\omega_1}$. This of course implies that $\aleph_1$ is not first-order definable in $L$, because $\aleph_1\not\in L_{\omega_1}$. This is already a disproof of $V=L$ (because $\aleph_1$ is first-order definable). |
| − | *For every $\alpha\in\omega_1^ | + | *For every $\alpha\in\omega_1^L$, every uncountable cardinal is [[Ramsey#iterable|$\alpha$-iterable]], $\geq$ an [[Erdos|$\alpha$-Erdős]], and [[ineffable|totally ineffable]] in $L$. |
| − | *There are $\mathfrak{c}$ many reals which are not constructible (that is, $x\not\in | + | *There are $\mathfrak{c}$ many reals which are not constructible (that is, $x\not\in L$). |
The existence of $0^\#$ is implied by: | The existence of $0^\#$ is implied by: | ||
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== $0^{\#}$ cardinal == | == $0^{\#}$ cardinal == | ||
| − | $0^{\#}$ exists iff there is a nontrivial [[elementary embedding]] $j: | + | $0^{\#}$ exists iff there is a nontrivial [[elementary embedding]] $j:L\rightarrow L$ (by a theorem of Kunen). The critical point of such an embedding is sometimes called a $0^{\#}$ cardinal, and sometimes called a $j:L\rightarrow L$ cardinal. These cardinals do not coincide with measurable cardinals for a long time. While the least measurable cardinal is [[indescribable|$\Sigma_1^2$-describable]], each of these cardinals is totally indescribable. Furthermore, the least measurable cardinal $\kappa$ such that $V_\kappa$ satisfies the existence of a measurable cardinal is not a $j:L\rightarrow L$ cardinal, and the least measurable cardinal $\kappa$ such that $V_\kappa$ satisfies the existence of such a cardinal is not a $j:L\rightarrow L$ cardinal, and so on. |
| − | However, the existence of a measurable suffices to prove the existence and consistency of a $j: | + | However, the existence of a measurable suffices to prove the existence and consistency of a $j:L\rightarrow L$ cardinal. |
''More information to be added here.'' | ''More information to be added here.'' | ||
Revision as of 14:16, 11 November 2017
$0^{\#}$ is a $\Sigma_3^1$ real number which cannot be proven to exist in $\text{ZFC}$. It's existence contradicts the Axiom of constructibility, $V=L$. In fact, it's existence is somewhat equivalent to $L$ being completely different from $V$.
Definition
$0^{\#}$ is defined as the set of all Gödel numberings of first-order formula $\varphi$ such that $L\models\varphi(\aleph_0,\aleph_1...\aleph_n)$ for some $n$. Because of the stability of $\aleph_\omega$, $0^{\#}$ is equivalent to the set of all Gödel numberings of first-order formula $\varphi$ such that $L_{\aleph_{\omega}}\models\varphi(\aleph_0,\aleph_1...\aleph_n)$. This definition implies the existence of Silver Indiscernables. Moreover, it implies:
- Given any set $X\in L$ which is first-order definable in $L$, $X\in L_{\omega_1}$. This of course implies that $\aleph_1$ is not first-order definable in $L$, because $\aleph_1\not\in L_{\omega_1}$. This is already a disproof of $V=L$ (because $\aleph_1$ is first-order definable).
- For every $\alpha\in\omega_1^L$, every uncountable cardinal is $\alpha$-iterable, $\geq$ an $\alpha$-Erdős, and totally ineffable in $L$.
- There are $\mathfrak{c}$ many reals which are not constructible (that is, $x\not\in L$).
The existence of $0^\#$ is implied by:
- Chang's Conjecture.
- The existence of an $\omega_1$-iterable cardinal.
- The negation of the singular cardinal hypothesis ($\text{SCH}$).
- The axiom of determinacy ($\text{AD}$).
$0^{\#}$ cardinal
$0^{\#}$ exists iff there is a nontrivial elementary embedding $j:L\rightarrow L$ (by a theorem of Kunen). The critical point of such an embedding is sometimes called a $0^{\#}$ cardinal, and sometimes called a $j:L\rightarrow L$ cardinal. These cardinals do not coincide with measurable cardinals for a long time. While the least measurable cardinal is $\Sigma_1^2$-describable, each of these cardinals is totally indescribable. Furthermore, the least measurable cardinal $\kappa$ such that $V_\kappa$ satisfies the existence of a measurable cardinal is not a $j:L\rightarrow L$ cardinal, and the least measurable cardinal $\kappa$ such that $V_\kappa$ satisfies the existence of such a cardinal is not a $j:L\rightarrow L$ cardinal, and so on.
However, the existence of a measurable suffices to prove the existence and consistency of a $j:L\rightarrow L$ cardinal.
More information to be added here.
References
- Jech, Thomas J. Set Theory (The 3rd Millennium Ed.). Springer, 2003.
